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Uganda Judgment

Supreme Court of Uganda

Kato Gabriel v Uganda [2002] UGSC 29 (8 July 2002)

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01

Holding and result

The Supreme Court found that the Court of Appeal had properly considered the law and evidence regarding provocation. The failure of the deceased to pay a loan and refusal to accompany the appellant did not amount to provocation sufficient in law to reduce the killing from murder to manslaughter. The appellant armed himself with a knife and intended to kill the deceased and steal his money. The Court concluded that even if the trial judge had specifically directed his mind to the defence of provocation, the outcome would have been the same. Therefore, the appeal was dismissed and the conviction for murder upheld.

Court disposition

appeal_dismissed

Orders

  • The appeal is dismissed.
  • The conviction and sentence for murder are upheld.

02

Material facts

Parties

Kato Gabriel

Appellant

Uganda

Respondent

Amounts and remedies

  • Loan Amount in Dispute: UGX 20,000

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal / Supreme Court Judgment

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The appellant's counsel argued that the Court of Appeal failed to properly evaluate the evidence and should have found that the defence of provocation was available to the appellant, which would reduce the conviction from murder to manslaughter.
Respondent
The respondent maintained that the evidence did not support the defence of provocation and that the Court of Appeal correctly upheld the conviction for murder, as the appellant's actions were premeditated and not sufficiently provoked by the deceased.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Penal Code Act (Cap 120), Section 188 and Section 192

    Provocation must be sufficient in law to reduce murder to manslaughter; mere failure to pay a debt or refusal to accompany the appellant does not amount to legal provocation.

  2. 02

    Uganda v. Kato Gabriel, Court of Appeal decision

    Appellate courts must evaluate whether lower courts properly considered all defences raised, including provocation.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The Supreme Court found that the Court of Appeal had properly considered the law and evidence regarding provocation. The failure of the deceased to pay a loan and refusal to accompany the appellant did not amount to provocation sufficient in law to reduce the killing from murder to manslaughter. The appellant armed himself with a knife and intended to kill the deceased and steal his money. The Court concluded that even if the trial judge had specifically directed his mind to the defence of provocation, the outcome would have been the same. Therefore, the appeal was dismissed and the conviction for murder upheld.

Obiter and limits

  • The criticism of the Court of Appeal has no justification in our view.
  • After a full consideration of all the circumstances, we are of the view that the learned judge would have come to the same conclusion if he had directed his mind to the defence of provocation.

Court disposition

appeal_dismissed

  • The appeal is dismissed.
  • The conviction and sentence for murder are upheld.

Source and reliance status

Supreme Court of Uganda

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

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Judgment text

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Source document

Supreme Court of Uganda

Judgment

[2002] UGSC 29

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\f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid4854944\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\sb91\sl-259\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4854944 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 (CORAM: ODER, TSEKOOKO, KAROKORA, MULENGA AND}{ \cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid13720404\charrsid4854944 }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 KANYEIHAMBA) \par }\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl-259\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid13720404\charrsid4854944 \par \par }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 6 OF 2001 \par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sb163\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd28\expndtw140\cf1\insrsid13720404\charrsid4854944 \par }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd28\expndtw140\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 BETWEEN \par }\pard\plain \s18\qc \li0\ri0\sb154\sl-394\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4854944 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 KATO GABRIEL:}{ \cs25\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \tab }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid13720404\charrsid4854944 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944

APPELLANT \par }\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sl-394\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4854944 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd28\expndtw140\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 AND \par }\pard\plain \s18\qc \li0\ri0\sl-394\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4854944 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 UGANDA:}{ \cs25\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \tab }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid13720404\charrsid4854944 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 RESPONDENT \par }\pard\plain \s16\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4854944 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard \s16\qc \li0\ri0\sb48\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb178\sl-389\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 The appellant was convicted of murder by the High

Court at Mubende. He was sentenced to death His appeal to the Court of Appeal was unsuccessful. He has now appealed to}{\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid4854944\charrsid4854944 }{\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 this Court on one ground which is that the Court of Appeal erred in law and in fact when it failed to exhaustively evaluate the evidence and come to a finding that the defence of provocation was not available to the appellants. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb168\sl-374\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 The appellant's learned Counsel argued the ground of appeal to that effect. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb192\sl-379\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 With respect, we are unable to agree with the learned Counsel's submissions. We fine no merit in the appeal. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb178\sl-384\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 The

criticism of the Court of Appeal has no justification in our view. After considering the provisions of the law regarding provocation and the evidence in the case, the Court of Appeal concluded: \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li547\ri0\sb48\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin547\itap0\pararsid4854944 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs24\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 "We are u}{ \cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 n}{\cs24\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 able to }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 agree that the failure of the deceased to pay a loan of Shs 20,000= and h}{ \cs24\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 is}{\cs24\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid4854944\charrsid4854944 }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 refusal to go with the appellant to his mother to explain to her }{ \cs24\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 whe}{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 n he would pay the loan alone could amount to provocation sufficient In law to reduce the killing of the deceased from murder to manslaughter. } {\cs24\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 We }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 think the appellant armed himself with the knife and went with the deceased intendingto kill him and to steal the money he was

going to}{ \cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid4854944\charrsid4854944 }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 buy coffee with. After }{\cs24\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 a full }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 consideration of all the circumstances we are of the view that the}{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid4854944\charrsid4854944 }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 learned judge would have come to the same conclusion if h e had directed his mind to the}{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid4854944\charrsid4854944 }{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 defence of provocation." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb58\sl-394\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 We agree with that conclusion of the Court of Appeal. In the circumstances, we find that the appeal must be dismissed. \par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par \par }\pard \s20\ql \li0\ri0\sb38\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs23\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 It is accordingly dismissed. \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj

\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par \par }\pard \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sb53\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4854944 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 Dated at Mengo this 8}{\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\super\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 th}{ \cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 day of July, 2002. \par }\pard \s17\qj \li0\ri0\sb53\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs25\b\i\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard\plain \s28\qc \li0\ri0\sb197\widctlpar\tlhyph\tx1867\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs33\b\f0\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 A. H. O. Oder \par }\pard\plain \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sb34\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs32\b\f0\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 Justice the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s29\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par \par }\pard \s29\qc \li0\ri0\sb206\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374

{\cs33\b\f0\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 J. W. N. Tsekooko \par }\pard\plain \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sb29\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs32\b\f0\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 Justice of the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s29\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par \par }\pard \s29\qc \li0\ri0\sb202\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 {\cs33\b\f0\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 A. N.}{\cs33\b\f0\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 Karokora \par }\pard\plain \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sb34\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs34\b\fs26\ul\cf1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af34\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 Justice }{\cs32\b\fs26\ul\cf1\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af34\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \hich\af0\dbch\af34\loch\f0 of the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par \par }\pard \s28\qc

\li0\ri0\sb202\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 {\cs33\b\f0\fs26\expnd6\expndtw30\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 J. N.}{\cs33\b\f0\fs26\expnd2\expndtw10\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 Mulenga \par }\pard\plain \s30\qc \li0\ri0\sb24\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs32\b\f0\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 Justice of the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s16\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tlhyph\tx946\tlhyph\tx1666\tlhyph\tx3504\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }\pard\plain \s31\qc \fi-139\li139\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin139\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs26\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par \par }\pard \s31\qc \fi-139\li139\ri0\sb38\sl-322\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin139\itap0\pararsid12529374 {\cs35\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 G. W. Kanyeihamba \par }{\cs32\b\f0\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 Justice of the Supreme Court \par }\pard\plain \s17\qc \li0\ri0\sb53\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12529374 \f2\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs25\b\f0\fs26\cf1\insrsid12529374\charrsid4854944 \par }}

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Uganda v. Kato Gabriel, Court of Appeal decision

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Penal Code Act (Cap 120), Section 188

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Penal Code Act (Cap 120), Section 192

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