Matovu Musa Kassim v Uganda [2005] UGSC 17 (18 August 2005)

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OF}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 2002 \par }\pard \s19\qc \li0\ri0\sl-629\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 BETWEEN \par }\pard \s19\qc \li0\ri0\sl-629\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 MATOVU}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 MUSA}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 KASSIM}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 APPELLANT \par }\pard \s19\qc \li0\ri0\sl-629\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 AND \par }\pard \s19\qc \li0\ri0\sb10\sl-629\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 UGANDA}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 RESPONDENT \par }\pard\plain \s23\qj \li686\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin686\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s23\qj

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\f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 The appellant and three other persons were indicted on two counts namely, of murder, contrary to sections 183 and 184 and aggravated robbery, contrary to sections 272 and 273(2) of the Penal Code Act. A }{\cs41\i\f39\fs40\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid12784761 nolle}{\cs41\i\f39\fs40\insrsid12784761 }{\cs41\i\f39\fs40\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid12784761 prosequi}{\cs41\i\f39\fs40\insrsid12784761 }{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 was entered by the D. P. P in respect of 2}{\cs39\fs22\super\insrsid12784761 nd}{ \cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 accused person on both counts. At the end of the trial, the 3}{\cs39\fs22\super\insrsid12784761 rd}{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 and 4}{\cs39\fs22\super\insrsid12784761 th}{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 accused persons were acquitted on both counts for lack of evidence. Only the appellant was convicted on both counts. He was sentenced to death on each of the counts but sentence on count 2 was suspended. He appealed to the Court of Appeal which dismissed his appeal. Hence this appeal. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 The facts of the case may be summarized as follows: On 28 September }{\cs33\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 1}{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 996, robbers attacked the residence of one Markowski, at

Mackay Zone, Mengo in Kampala District. They stole several of his household items including a knife which was Exhibit P2 at the trial. In the course of the robbery, Mr. Mike Markowski was shot dead. His wife was raped. None of the robbers was seen or identified by any eyewitne s s. The incident was nevertheless reported to the Police and after investigations; the appellant and his co-accused were arrested and charged with the murder and the robbery. Later, the appellant made a charge and caution statement in which he confessed to the offences. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 At the trial, the appellant gave sworn evidence in which he repudiated the confession which had been received in evidence without objection from his counsel. He set up a defence of alibi. The trial judge, while treating the appellant's confe ssion as repudiated, accepted it as true and rejected the appellant's defence of alibi. Having taken into account the surrounding circumstances of the case and the detailed account of what occurred as narrated in the repudiated confession, the learned tri al judge convicted the appellant and sentenced him to death. The learned Justices of Appeal reevaluated the evidence and came to the same

conclusion as the trial court. They therefore dismissed the appellant's appeal and confirmed the sentence. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb53\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 The Memorandum of Appeal before this court contains two grounds of appeal framed as follows: \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s30 \cs37\b\f35\fs22 \hich\af35\dbch\af0\loch\f35 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s30\qj \fi-667\li1018\ri0\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1018{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pndec\pnf35\pnstart1\pnindent667 {\pntxta .}} \faauto\ls1\rin0\lin1018\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 THAT}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 learned}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Justices}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 of }{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Appeal}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 erred}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 in}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761

law}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 fact when}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 they}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 upheld}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 finding}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 High}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Court}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Judge}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 that the}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 appellant}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 made}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761

statement}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 that}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 it}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 is}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 well corroborated}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 made}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 by}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 first}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 accused}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 as}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 result came}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 to}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761

}{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 wrong}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 decision. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\s30 \cs37\b\fs22 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 2.\tab}}\pard \s30\qj \fi-667\li1018\ri0\sb470\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\tx1018{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent667 {\pntxta .}} \faauto\ls2\rin0\lin1018\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 THAT}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 learned}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Justices}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Appeal} {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 erred}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 in}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 law}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 fact when}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761

}{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 they} {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 failed}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 to}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 adequately}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 evaluate}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 evidence}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 as}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 a whole}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 regarding}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 confession}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 statement}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 as}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 result

came}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 to}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 wrong}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 decision.}{ \cs31\b\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb226\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 Mr. Edward Muguluma Ddamulira, counsel for the appellant argued the two grounds together. He contended that the findings by the trial judge that the repudiated statement was made by the appellant and it contained the truth of what actually occurred in the night of the murder and the aggravated robbery was wrong. He further contended that the learned Justices of Appeal erred both in law and fact when they confirmed the findings and judgment of the trial judge when they themselves had not reevaluated the evidence. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb230\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 Mr. Muguluma

contended further that the fact of the matter was that police officers who investigated and charged the appellant had prior knowledge of what had occurred and they also knew that the appellant had not participated in the commission of the crimes with which he was subsequently charged. The police had deliberately framed the charges against him. There had been more than one police officer interrogating the appellant - a fact which counsel contended w a s against the law. He contended that even assuming that the repudiated confession was admissible, it still lacked one necessary ingredient, namely corroboration. He argued that in law it is assumed that if a judge finds that there is no corroboration to s upport an accused's alleged statement, the judge should acquit the accused. Counsel cited }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Njuguna}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 s/o}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Kimani}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs36\fs22\insrsid12784761 3 }{ \cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Others}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 v.}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 R. }{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761

(1954) 21 EACA 316 and }{ \cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Tuwamoi}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 v.}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Uganda}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 (1967) EA 84, as authorities in support of his submissions. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 For the respondent, Miss Sa rah Kerwegi, Senior State Attorney supported both the conviction and sentence of the appellant. She contended that the treatment and consequences of a repudiated confession as determined by the learned trial judge were the only correct approaches to adopt

in this case. She further contended that whereas corroboration is desirable, it is not the position in law that where it is not available a court cannot convict. As long as the trial judge is satisfied that the statement was made voluntarily and that what it contains is the truth of what occurred, the judge is entitled to bring in a verdict of guilty as happened in this case. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 Miss Kerwegi further contended that in this case, the learned justices of Appeal on their own volition analysed the facts and eviden ce of the case and came to the same conclusion as that of the trial judge whose findings and judgment they confirmed. Miss Kerwei conceded that there may have been some loopholes in the way the evidence was presented to court but on the whole none was any w here near rendering the trial a miscarriage of justice. Counsel for the respondent contended further that the information the appellant revealed in his repudiated confession could only have been known and come from a person who had personal and intimate k nowledge of both the murder and the robbery. In Counsel's opinion, the courts below made the proper findings and reached the correct decisions and they should be

upheld. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb230\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 We are constrained to observe that the police investigations in this case were unsatisfactory. It is clear that the appellant did not play the most significant roles in both the murder and the rape, if his repudiated confession is to be believed. On the o t her hand, the main planners and principal participants in the two crimes were either uncovered or not successfully prosecuted because of lack of adequate inquiries for which the police were responsible. However, we are satisfied that the evidence availabl e before the courts below was more than sufficient to justify the conviction of the appellant. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb226\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 Before his trial, the appellant made a detailed statement disclosing facts and events which only a person who was an active participant and eye witness to much of what occurred on the night of the murder could have been familiar with. It is true that at h i s trial, he gave sworn evidence in which he repudiated the confession. However, a number of factors

exist to discredit any claim that his repudiation, in any way, affected the facts and events he disclosed. We have already observed that the story he told c ould only have been known by a person who had actively participated in the incidents of the crimes. The appellant's contention that he was framed have no grain of truth in it. At the trial his own counsel, Mr. Muyonjo who must have had instructions from t he appellant since the latter did not contradict him said; \par }\pard\plain \s29\qj \li672\ri0\sb5\sl-466\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin672\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 "My}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 client}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 says}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 he} {\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 made}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 statement}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 I}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761

}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 will}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 only}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 cross-examine}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 witness}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 but }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 not}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 challenge}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 as such." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 The sole ground upon which the appellant challenged the conviction in the Court of Appeal was not that he did not make the statement but that it was not voluntary. \par

}\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb235\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 While accepting the ingredients of a voluntary confession under the rules established in }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Njuguna}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 s/o}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 Kimani}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 and}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs36\fs22\insrsid12784761 3 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 others}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs37\b\fs22\insrsid12784761 v.}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd4\expndtw20\insrsid12784761 R,}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 (supra), in this case we agree with the findings of the learned Justices of Appeal and their observation that \par }\pard\plain \s29\ql \li686\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin686\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s29\ql \li686\ri0\sb235\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin686\itap0 {\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761

"Court}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 can}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 convict}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 on}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 retracted}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 or} {\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 repudiated}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 or}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 both retracted}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 repudiated}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 alone}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761

if}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 it}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 is}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 satisfied}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 after considering}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 all}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 material}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 points}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 surrounding circumstances}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 case}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761

that}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 cannot}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 but}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 be true." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 The learned Justices of Appeal further examined the appellant's claim that he was tortured by the investigating or and the interviewing police officers and concluded that the claim was an afterthought and concocted. The Justices of Appeal concluded;

\par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li691\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin691\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s17\qj \li691\ri0\sb235\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin691\itap0 {\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 "If}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 it}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 were}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 true,}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 appellant}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 would}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 have}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 told}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 his}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 lawyer.}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 He

did}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 not}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 appear}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 to}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 have}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 done}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 so.}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 His}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 evidence}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 portrayed}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the torture}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 as}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 having}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 been}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761

grim}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 extensive.}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 It}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 was}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 inevitable that}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 torture}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 that }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 magnitude}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 would}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 have}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 caused}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 extensive injuries}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761

which}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 would}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 } {\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 have}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 left}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 scars}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 on}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 his}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 body.}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 The}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 record of}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 proceedings}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 does}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 not}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 reveal}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761

that }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 he}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 ever}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 showed}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 trial judge}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 any}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 such}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 scar." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb230\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 We reiterate the law governing retracted or repudiated confessions as was succinctly stated in }{\cs31\b\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 Tuwamoi v. Uganda, } {\cs43\insrsid12784761 (1967) }{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 E. A. 84; \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \li677\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin677\itap0

\f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par \par }\pard \s17\qj \li677\ri0\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin677\itap0 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd-4\expndtw-20\insrsid12784761 "A}{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 trial}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 court}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 should}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 accept}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 any}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 which}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 has}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 been retracted}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 or}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 repudiated}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761

}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 with}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 caution}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 must,}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 before founding}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 conviction}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 on}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 such}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession,}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 be}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 fully}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 satisfied in}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761

}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 all}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 circumstances}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 } {\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 case}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 that}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 is}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 true. The}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 same}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 standard}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 proof}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761

}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 is}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 required}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 in}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 all}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 cases}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 and}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 usually a}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 court}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 will}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 only}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 act}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 on}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761

}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 if}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 corroborated}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 in some}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 material}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 particular}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 by}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 independent}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 evidence}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 accepted by}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 court.}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 But}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 corroboration}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 is}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761

}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 not}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 necessary}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 in}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 law}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 and the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 court}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 may}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 act}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 on}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 a}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 alone}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 if}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 it}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761

}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 is}{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 satisfied}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 after considering}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 all}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 material}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 points}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 and}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 surrounding circumstances}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 that}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 the}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 confession}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 cannot}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761

but}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 be}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 true." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb82\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 The learned trial judge, Katutsi J. commented on the extr a judicial statement of the appellant when he describes his role as minor compared to the role assigned to his freed and other accomplices. We have already commented on the regrettable circumstances under which those accomplices gained their freedom. Be t hat as it may, the learned trial judge was alive to the law with regard to alleged minor }{\cs43\insrsid12784761 accomplices }{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 like the appellant. The judge cited section }{\cs43\insrsid12784761 21 }{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 of the Penal Code Act which enumerates the persons who, if they participate in the commission of an offence they are equally guilty of the same offence and they include; \par }\pard\plain \s15\ql \li691\ri0\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin691\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033

{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 "21}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{ \cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\expnd-2\expndtw-10\insrsid12784761 (1)}{\cs32\b\i\f37\fs26\insrsid12784761 }{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 (c), every person who aids or abets another \par }\pard \s15\ql \li739\ri0\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin739\itap0 {\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 person in committing the offence." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb226\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 We agree with the learned trial judge when he observes that the appellant cannot be heard to say that for him he was left outside to keep a watch on whoever would be approaching and then warn those who were inside actively committing the offence. He is as guilty as if he was inside the house looting like the rest of them. The trial judge emphasized his decision by reference to S}{\cs33\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 .22 }{\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 of the same Act which provides that: \par }\pard\plain \s15\qj \li672\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin672\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s15\qj

\li672\ri0\sb226\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin672\itap0 {\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 "When two or more persons form a common intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose in conjunction with one another and in the prosecution }{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 such purpose an offence is committed }{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 such a nature that its commission was a probable consequence }{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 the prosecution }{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\insrsid12784761 of}{ \cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 such purpose each }{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\expnd10\expndtw50\insrsid12784761 of}{\cs34\b\i\f0\fs26\insrsid12784761 them is deemed to have committed the offence." \par }\pard\plain \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb230\sl-470\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 The Court of Appeal confirmed this reasoning and the findings and decision of the learned trial judge. We are unable to fault those findings and decision. \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0

{\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par }\pard \s20\qj \li0\ri0\sb226\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs39\fs22\insrsid12784761 In our view, there is no merit in this appeal. It is accordingly dismissed. \par }\pard\plain \s21\qc \li0\ri0\sb53\sl-274\slmult0\widctlpar\tlhyph\tx4973\tlhyph\tx6173\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs36\b\i\fs22\insrsid12784761 \par }{\cs36\b\i\fs22\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 Dated at Mengo this 18}{\cs36\b\i\fs22\super\insrsid9201191\charrsid9201191 th}{\cs36\b\i\fs22\insrsid9201191 }{\cs36\b\i\fs22\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 day of August 2005. \par }\pard\plain \s28\ql \fi202\li3158\ri2208\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin2208\lin3158\itap0 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid12784761 \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \s28\qc \li0\ri-89\sb120\sl-403\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 B. J. ODOKI }{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid9201191 \line }{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 CHIEF JUSTICE \par }\pard\plain \s25\qc \li0\ri-89\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033

{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \s25\qc \li0\ri-89\sb173\widctlpar\tlhyph\tx2285\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 A. O. ODER \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri-89\sb197\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard\plain \s26\qc \li0\ri-89\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \s26\qc \li0\ri-89\sb34\widctlpar\tlhyph\tx941\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 J. W. N. TSEKOOKO \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri-89\sb197\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard\plain \s24\qc \li0\ri-89\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033

{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \s24\qc \li0\ri-89\sb58\sl-398\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 A. KAROKORA }{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid9201191 \line }{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }\pard\plain \s27\qc \li0\ri-89\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 \f35\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 \par \par \par \par \par }\pard \s27\qc \li0\ri-89\sb24\sl-403\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin-89\lin0\itap0\pararsid9201191 {\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 G. W. KANYEIHAMBA }{\cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid9201191 \line J}{ \cs37\b\fs22\expnd2\expndtw10\insrsid12784761\charrsid9201191 USTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT \par }}