Kedi Martin v Uganda [2002] UGSC 27 (17 June 2002)

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\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\insrsid10775524 \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \s25\qc \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-326\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF UGANDA}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 \par }{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 AT MENGO \par }\pard\plain \s20\ql \fi-1786\li3672\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3672\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par }\pard \s20\qc \fi14\li0\ri0\sb58\sl-326\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13973516 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Coram : Oder. Tsekooko, Karokora, Mulenga,

and}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Kanyeihamba JJ. S. C. \par }\pard\plain \s22\ql \li3010\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin3010\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sb101\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Criminal Appeal No. 11 of 2001}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 \par }{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 \par }{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Between \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sb211\sl-643\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 KEDI MARTIN :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: APPELLANT \par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\sl-643\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 And \par UGANDA ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: RESPONDENT \par }\pard\plain \s24\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs35\b\i\fs22\cf1\insrsid10775524 (Appeal from judgment of the Court of Appeal (Kato. Engwau and Kitumba JJ. A) at Kampala,}{\cs35\b\i\fs22\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs35\b\i\fs22\cf1\insrsid10775524 dated }{\cs35\b\i\fs22\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid10775524

27"'}{ \cs35\b\i\fs22\cf1\insrsid10775524 February. 2001, in Criminal Appeal No. 12 of 1999.) \par }\pard\plain \s22\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par \par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\sb168\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 REASONS FOR THE COURT'S DECISION}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 . \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb34\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 We heard this appeal on 18}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\super\insrsid10775524 th}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 March 2002. and dismissed it for lack of merit.}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 We reserved our reasons for the decision and now proceed to give them. \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb5\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The appellant was convicted by the High Court, for the murder of his step-}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 father, Dongan Victor. He appealed to the Court of Appeal against the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524

conviction. His appeal was dismissed, hence the second appeal to this Court. \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The facts on which his conviction was based are brief. On 31}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\super\insrsid10775524 st}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 March 1998,}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the deceased went to the market and did not return home that day. The}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 following morning, the appellant went to one Opedor. LC1 Secretary for \par \sect }\sectd \marglsxn1308\margrsxn1946\sbknone\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj \pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524

\par Defence, who gave evidence at the trial as PW2. and reported to him that he}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 had killed his step-father the previous day. Thereupon Opedor arrested the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 appellant and took him to the home of the LC1 Chairman, accompanied by}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 other LC1 officials and villagers. On receiving a report from Opedor, the}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Chairman, one Ajolo Emmanuel, who also wave evidence at the trial as}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 PW3, talked to the appellant, and the latter reiterated that he had killed the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 deceased because he was a wizard who had killed his (appellant's) people.}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 He disclosed that he had way-laid the deceased on the way from the market,}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 and had killed him by strangulation. He also described the place where he}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 had left the body. As a result of that information, the deceased's body was}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524

discovered at the place the appellant had described. It was found in the}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 condition, he had mentioned, notably with a broken neck. At the trial the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 two witnesses testified to those facts, but though the appellant had pleaded}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 not guilty, he did not challenge the admissibility of what was clearly a}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 confession to the crime, nor were the witnesses cross-examined on it. In the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 unsworn statement in his defence, however, the appellant denied killing the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 deceased, and asserted that after being arrested he tried to deny the offence}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 but when he was beaten by PW2 and one Agama. he admitted it. The learned}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 trial judge disbelieved him. and accepted instead, the prosecution evidence}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 that he had co nfessed to the murder, and found that the confession was true.}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516

}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The Court of Appeal upheld the findings. \par }\pard \s21\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par }\pard \s21\ql \li0\ri0\sb134\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The appeal to this Court was on one ground, namely:- \par }\pard\plain \s17\qj \fi-96\li840\ri0\sb168\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin840\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 "That the learned Appellate Justices erred in law and fact when}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 they based their conviction on an alleged confession whereas the}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 confession was not made as required by law and therefore should}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 have been ignored." \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The thrust of the brief submission by Ms Musoke, counsel for the appellant,}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 was that the report made by the appellant to Opedor PW 2, and later to Ajolo}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516

}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 PW3, amounted to a confession, and that because it was made to LC}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 officials without compliance with the law, it ought not to have been admitted}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 in evidence. Counsel criticised the trial court particularly for holding, that in}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 regard to receiving confession from an accused person. LC officials were in} {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the same position as administrative officials, rather than as police officers.}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 She concluded that the courts below erred in basing the appellant's}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 conviction on that confession. In reply to this, Mr. Elem-Ogwal, Principal}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 State Attorney, conceded that an LC official is a person in authority, but}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 submitted that the test of admissibility of a confession made before such a}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 person, is whether or not it was made voluntarily. He contended that in

the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 inst ant case the appellant's confession was clearly made voluntarily. \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The basic law governing the admissibility of a confession made by a person}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 accused of a criminal offence, as evidence in his or her trial, is contained in}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 sections 24, 25 and 29A of the Evidence Act. Needless to say at the out set}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 that the said law comes into play when an accused person retracts or}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 repudiates a confession attributed to him or her. Section 24 renders}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 inadmissible, any confession made by a person in custody of a police officer,}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 unless it is made in the immediate presence of a magistrate or of a police}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 officer of or above the rank of Assistant

Inspector. It does not apply to a}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 confession made by a person who is not in custody, or who is in the custody}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 of anyone other than a police officer. See }{ \cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 Babvebuza Swaibu vs Uganda,}{\cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Cr. App. No. 47 of 2000, }{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 (S}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 . C.) (unreported) which we decided in the same}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 session. Section 25. however, applies to all confessions by accused persons}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 wherever and whenever made, and renders inadmissible, any confession}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 which is not shown to have been made voluntarily. Section 29A on the other hand is permissive. It renders admissible, notwithstanding of the provisions of sections 24 and 25, so much of any information, (including a confession), received from an ac cused person, as distinctly leads to the discovery of a material fact which is disposed to at his trial as so discovered. The ultimate objective underlying these provisions is to avoid receiving in evidence, and reiving upon, false confessions.

This is un derscored by the provisions of section 29A whose rationale must be that the discovery of the 'fact' confirms the truth of the 'information'; see }{\cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 Babvebuza Swaibu vs Uganda}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 , }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 supra). \par For that reason the court retains a discretion not to admit a confession in evidence, and if it admits it. not to rely on it. if it is not satisfied that it is true. Thus section 25 which excludes confessions made under undue influence, specifically refers to influences which in the opinion of the court are calculated to cause untrue confession to be made. It reads:- \par }\pard\plain \s23\qj \fi-696\li2189\ri0\sb144\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin2189\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\fs26\expnd-4\expndtw-20\cf1\insrsid10775524 "25.}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant if}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the making of the confession appears to the court,}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 having regard to the state of mind of the accused person}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 and to all the circumstances, to have been caused

by}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 any violence, force, threat, inducement or promise}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 calculated in the opinion }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\expnd10\expndtw50\cf1\insrsid10775524 of}{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 the court to cause an}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 untrue confession to be made}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 .}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 " (emphasis is added) \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb187\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Even under section 24, the mere presence of a magistrate or a police officer}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 of the stipulated rank is not sufficient to make the confession admissible in}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 evidence. It must be proved that it was made voluntarily. For that purpose}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the Minister is supposed to make rules of procedure for recording statements}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 from accused persons. Because the envisaged rules have not been made,

in}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 practice the courts have adopted administrative guidelines set out by the}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Chief Justice to ensure that confessions to be used in evidence, are made}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 voluntarily. See }{ \cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 Festo Androa & Another vs Uganda,}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Cr. App. No. 1 of}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 1998 (SC) (unreported). \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb134\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 In the instant case, the applicable provisions were sections 25 and 29A. The learned trial judge was alive to that when he said, referring to section 24:- \par }\pard\plain \s17\ql \fi-82\li859\ri0\sb158\sl-322\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin859\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 "That section does not apply to confessions made to other authorities like Chiefs as Police Officers. A confession made to a Chief is admissible and may be acted upon provided that it has not been promised

}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 (sic) }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 by inducement, threat or promise in terms of section 25 of the Evidence Act." \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb82\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The learned judge referred to section 29A and went on to observe and hold:- \par }\pard\plain \s19\qj \li874\ri0\sb173\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin874\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 "PW2 Opedor, PW3 Ajolo Emmanuel testified that following the}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 confession of the accused the body of the deceased was found}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 lying with a twisted neck at the very place where the accused had}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 told them he had killed the deceased. In these circumstances the}{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 accused can not successfully argue, and which he did not in any}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 event, that the

confession was extracted contrary to the provisions}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 of sections 24 and 25 of the Evidence Act. " \par }\pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb182\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Substantially, that is correct. The only aspect which caused us some concern}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 relates to case law. It is well settled that a court should not base a conviction}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 on an uncorroborated retracted confession, but may, if it cautions itself about}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the danger of doing so. See }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 Tuwamoi's vs }{ \cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 Uganda}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 (1967) EA 84. In the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 instant case the learned trial judge did not direct his mind to the fact that the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 appellant's confession was retracted. Indeed, in the notes for summing up to}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the assessors, he appears to allude to the

confession as neither retracted nor}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 repudiated. Not surprisingly therefore, he did not caution himself on the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 danger of reiving on it. We had no doubt, however, that the appellant}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 retracted the confession when he said to the court that he admitted the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 offence only when PW2 and another beat him. The Court of Appeal on the}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 other hand, appears to have taken the view that the confession was}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 corroborated. The learned Justices of Appeal said :-

\par }\pard\plain \s19\ql \li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin773\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par }\pard \s19\qj \li773\ri0\sb216\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin773\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 "....it was the appellant who, on his own, admitted voluntarily to}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 both PW2 and PW3 that he had killed the deceased. He described}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the manner in which he killed him and the place he dumped his}{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 body to both witnesses in detail as an insider }{\cs34\i\f37\cf1\insrsid10775524 (sic). }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 We find that the}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 evidence of both PW2 and PW3 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 corroborated that }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\expnd10\expndtw50\cf1\insrsid10775524 of}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 the appellant}{ \cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 when he admitted having killed the deceased }{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\expnd10\expndtw50\cf1\insrsid10775524 by}{\cs36\b\i\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 strangling him." \par }\pard\plain

\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb96\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 With due respect, we think that the last sentence is a misdirection. The only}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 evidence of the confession, which is the evidence that required corroboration}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 because the confession was retracted, was the evidence of PW2 and PW3 to}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the effect that the appellant confessed to the crime. Corroborative evidence}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 would be some independent evidence which tends either to confirm that the}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 appellant made the confession, or to otherwise implicate the appellant in the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 commission of the offence. See }{ \cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 Cpl Wasswa & Another vs Uganda}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 Cr.}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 App. No.48 of 1999 (SC) (unreported) and

}{ \cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 R vs Baskerville}{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 (1916-17) All}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 ER Rep.38. \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par }\pard \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-475\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 The finding that the body was as described to the witnesses in the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 confession, is not corroborative evidence as so defined. We hasten to add,}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 however, that it speaks volumes for the credibility of the confession, on the}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 premise that, only a person who participated in, or was privy to, the killing,}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 could have given the details that the appellant gave to the two witnesses.}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 That, combined with the fact that the appellant volunteered the information}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 to PW2 without any prompting at all, leads to the irresistible conclusion that}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516

}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 the confession was true, and to the inference of the appellant's guilt. \par \sect }\sectd \marglsxn1189\margrsxn2013\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s16\qj \li4685\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin4685\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst { \cs29\b\fs20\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\insrsid10775524 PAGE}}{\fldrslt {\cs29\b\fs20\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13973516 6}}}{\cs29\b\fs20\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\insrsid10775524 \par }}\pard\plain \s21\qj \li0\ri0\sb67\sl-480\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 We were satisfied that, in the circumstances, neither the non-direction on the}{ \cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 part of the learned trial judge, nor the misdirection on the part of the Court}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 of Appeal, both of which we have discussed, occasioned any miscarriage of}{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs30\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524 justice. It was for those reasons that we dismissed the appeal. \par }\pard \s21\ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par }\pard \s21\ql \li0\ri0\sb14\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0

{\cs31\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid10775524 Dated }{\cs30\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid10775524 at Mengo }{\cs38\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid10775524 this 17th day }{ \cs30\b\fs26\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid10775524 of June 2002 \par \sect }\sectd \marglsxn1217\margrsxn1277\sbknone\linex0\colsx60\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid10775524\sftnbj {\footer \pard\plain \s16\qj \li4657\ri-5103\widctlpar\faauto\rin-5103\lin4657\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\cs29\b\fs20\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\insrsid10775524 PAGE}}{\fldrslt {\cs29\b\fs20\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\insrsid10775524 7}}}{\cs29\b\fs20\expnd4\expndtw20\cf1\insrsid10775524 \par }}\pard\plain \s26\ql \fi139\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524 \par \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s24\qc \fi-110\li0\ri0\sl-1118\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs33\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid10775524 }{ \cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 A. H. O. ODER, \par }\pard \s24\qc \fi-110\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT. \par }\pard\plain \s23\qc

\fi-696\li0\ri0\sb101\sl-283\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524 \par }{\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 J. W. N. TSEKOOKO,}{\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs32\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid10775524 JUSTICE OF }{ \cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 THE SUPREME COURT. \par }\pard\plain \s24\qc \fi-110\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 \par \par \par }\pard\plain \s23\qc \fi-696\li0\ri0\sb101\sl-283\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 A. N. KAROKORA,}{ \cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{\cs32\b\fs28\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid10775524 JUSTICE OF }{\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 THE SUPREME COURT. \par }\pard\plain \s24\qc \fi-110\li0\ri0\sb106\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524 \par

}{\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 J. N. MULENGA, \par }\pard \s24\qc \fi-110\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT. \par }\pard\plain \s23\qc \fi-696\li0\ri4243\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin4243\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs20\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 \par }\pard \s23\qc \fi-696\li0\ri22\sb91\sl-293\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin22\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 {\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 G. W. KANYEIHAMBA,}{\cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid13973516 }{ \cs37\b\fs28\expnd-2\expndtw-10\cf1\insrsid10775524\charrsid4655585 JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT. \par }\pard\plain \s26\ql \fi139\li0\ri0\sl-317\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10775524 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs31\b\fs26\ul\cf1\insrsid10775524 \par }}