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Uganda Judgment

High Court of Uganda

In Re: Alan Hodgkins (An Infant) & In Re: An Application For Legal Guardianship By James Franklin Hammond & Anor (HCT-00-FD-FC-0196-2008) [2009] UGHC 25 (27 January 2009)

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Source document

01

Holding and result

The court found that Welcome Home Ministries Africa, the institution currently caring for the infant, was not an approved home under Section 56 of the Children Act at the time of the application or when it sought a care order from the Family and Children Court. The court also identified troubling procedural and factual anomalies, including the timing and authority of the care order and the involvement of the Jinja Probation and Social Welfare Office despite the child being born and abandoned in Kampala. The court held that only institutions or individuals in lawful custody of a child, as defined by the Children Act, can lawfully transfer custody or guardianship. Since Welcome Home Ministries Africa was not lawfully in custody, it could not pass custody to the applicants. The court concluded that these legal and factual irregularities could not be ignored or rectified by the court for the sake of expediency or the child's welfare, and thus the application for guardianship must be rejected.

Court disposition

application rejected

Orders

  • The application for legal guardianship is rejected.
  • The Registrar is directed to forward a copy of this ruling to the Attorney General and the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development for their attention.

02

Material facts

Parties

James Franklin Hammond

Applicant Counsel: Peter Nyombi

Heather Lee Hammond

Applicant Counsel: Peter Nyombi

Attorney General

Respondent

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Miscellaneous Application / Ruling on Application for Legal Guardianship

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
The applicants, United States citizens, seek to be appointed guardians of Alan Hodgkins, an infant abandoned at birth in Uganda and currently in the care of Welcome Home Ministries Africa. They argue that their appointment is in the best interests of the child, who has no known relatives able to care for him. Their counsel urges the court to overlook procedural irregularities for the sake of the child's welfare.
Respondent
The respondent did not file a formal response, but the court independently raised concerns regarding the legality of the custody arrangements, the approval status of Welcome Home Ministries Africa under the Children Act, and the procedural anomalies in the application process, including the timing and authority of care orders.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Children Act, Section 27

    Care orders under Section 27 of the Children Act may only be granted to foster parents or approved homes for children in need of care.

  2. 02

    Children Act, Section 56

    Approved homes must be certified by the Minister as fit for the purpose of caring for children.

  3. 03

    Children Act, general principles; court's interpretation

    An individual or institution not in lawful custody of an infant cannot lawfully transfer custody to others, including non-resident aliens.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

The court found that Welcome Home Ministries Africa, the institution currently caring for the infant, was not an approved home under Section 56 of the Children Act at the time of the application or when it sought a care order from the Family and Children Court. The court also identified troubling procedural and factual anomalies, including the timing and authority of the care order and the involvement of the Jinja Probation and Social Welfare Office despite the child being born and abandoned in Kampala. The court held that only institutions or individuals in lawful custody of a child, as defined by the Children Act, can lawfully transfer custody or guardianship. Since Welcome Home Ministries Africa was not lawfully in custody, it could not pass custody to the applicants. The court concluded that these legal and factual irregularities could not be ignored or rectified by the court for the sake of expediency or the child's welfare, and thus the application for guardianship must be rejected.

Obiter and limits

  • The court noted a recurring pattern of similar procedural anomalies in previous guardianship applications involving children transferred from Kampala to Jinja.
  • The court emphasized that legal infractions and unexplained factual inconsistencies in child custody matters raise red flags that cannot be overlooked, regardless of the applicants' intentions.

Court disposition

application rejected

  • The application for legal guardianship is rejected.
  • The Registrar is directed to forward a copy of this ruling to the Attorney General and the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development for their attention.

Source and reliance status

High Court of Uganda

This page organises the available record for research. Confirm quotations, current status, and subsequent treatment against the official source before relying on the case.

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Judgment text

The complete available source text.

Source document

High Court of Uganda

Judgment

[2009] UGHC 25

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\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13450258\charrsid1073160 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13450258 \par \par }{\b\f0\fs24\ul\insrsid13450258\charrsid800908 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 BEFORE: THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE FMS EGONDA-NTENDE \par \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 RULING \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12911472 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \s15\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1073160 \fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\loch\af36\hich\af36\dbch\af36\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\insrsid12911472 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 James Franklin Hammond and Heather Lee Hammond}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14577418 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 , the applicants in this matter, are }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9980925 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 United States citizens living}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14577418 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12911472 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 at 8401 Tio Diego Place, La Mesa CA}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9980925 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 91941 in the United States}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14577418 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 . In this applica\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 tion they seek to be appointed guardians of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9980925 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Alan}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9136906 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Hodgkins }{\f0\fs24\insrsid9980925 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 an infant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9136906 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 born }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6295309 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 in Uganda}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9980925 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 , and now living with Welcome }{\f0\fs24\insrsid1857227 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Home }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9980925 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Ministries}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1857227 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 , Jinja}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9136906 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9323761 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11688393 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11688393 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 The application discloses that the infant was born}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2504729 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 on the 15}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2504729\charrsid2504729 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2504729 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 July 2004 at Naguru Health Centre, Nakawa Division in Kam \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 pala. The mother was called Nalugo Deborah aged about 23 years. The mother and baby were admitted to Mulago Hospital }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5395736 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 at the special care unit. The mother disappeared living the infant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11292643 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 in the hospital.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5395736 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11292643 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5395736 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 3.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5395736 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 The medical social worker of Mulago Hospital}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11292643 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 on 30}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11292643\charrsid11292643 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11292643 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 S\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 eptember 2004 wrote to the Probation and Social Welfare officer, Jinja requesting that he finds a home for the baby.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4212339 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 This is the first troubling aspect of this application. The Probation and Social Welfare Office of Jinja ordinarily deals with situations a\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 rising within its geographical reach. The baby was in Mulago Hospital. The baby was born in Kampala. Ordinarily I would have expected that this case would have been referred to the Probation and Social Welfare Office in Kampala}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9306763 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 . This appears to be a patte\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 rn with a number of previous applications that have come before this court. Anyhow this is not the decisive point for this application.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11688393 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid352736 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 4.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid352736 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 The application reveals that the Probation and Social Welfare Officer of Jinja asked the Welcome Home Ministries Africa \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 based in Jinja to take }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6372107 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 custody of the child}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid2369031 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 by a letter written on the 2}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2369031\charrsid2369031 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 nd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2369031 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 October 2004}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6372107 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6772584 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Mr. William}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6372107 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Edema, the Manager of Welcome Home Ministries Africa applied to the Family and Children\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Court at Jinja for a care order}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2905019 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 on 30}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2905019\charrsid2905019 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2905019 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 September 2004 well befo\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 re it was requested to take on this baby by the Jinja Probation and Social Welfare Officer!}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 This }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11412517 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 application was received about 2 years later on 26}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11412517\charrsid11412517 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11412517 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 July 2006}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3700823 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11412517 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 at least according to the receiving stamp of the Chief Magistrates Court of Jinja.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid810767 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 It }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 was grant\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ed on the }{\f0\fs24\insrsid810767 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 28}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid810767\charrsid810767 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid810767 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 July 2006}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 . }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3700823 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Did Welcome Home Ministries Africa Ltd having filled in the application on 30}{ \f0\fs24\super\insrsid3700823\charrsid3700823 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3700823 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 September 2004 keep the application for about 2 years without filing it in court?}{\f0\fs24\insrsid810767 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 5.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 It is worth noting that the letter from Mulago Hospital}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7423790 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 to the Proba\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 tion and Social Welfare Officer, Jinja}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 is dated}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7423790 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 , 30}{ \f0\fs24\super\insrsid7423790\charrsid7423790 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7423790 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 September 2004,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 the same date}{\f0\fs24\insrsid810767 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 the application was made to the Family and Children Court in Jinja}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15337533 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11221045 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Did all these transactions take place on the same date of 30}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11221045\charrsid11221045 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11221045 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 September 200}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10840823 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 4}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11221045 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ?}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13795007 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5862320 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Did Welcome Home Ministri\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 es Africa Ltd apply to Jinja Family and Children\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Court for a care order before the request from the Probation and Social Welfare Officer was written or made to it? }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12206978 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Those questions point to}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13795007 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12206978 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 other}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13795007 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 troubling aspec}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12206978 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ts}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13795007 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 of the facts surrounding this application}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12206978 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9306763 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13795007 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 6.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13795007 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Under the Children Act, Section 27 Care Orders may be granted by a Family and Children \hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Court to a foster parent or an approved home in respect of an infant who may be in need of care. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2559776 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Approved homes under the Children Act must be approved by Minister}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12724783 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 a\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 s fit for the purpose}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2559776 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12724783 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 See Section 56 of the Children Act.}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11221045 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1397437 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 7.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1397437 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Welcome Home Ministries is not an approved home within the Section 56 of the Children Act. }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7093616 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Attached to this application was a letter }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4539065 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 addressed to no one and signed for the Permanent Secretary of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4981636 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Mi\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 nistry of Gender, Labour and Social Development. It is dated 15}{\f0\fs24\super\insrsid4981636\charrsid4981636 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4981636 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 October 2008. It basically says that the Ministry }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13654857 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 is processing a certificate of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4981636 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 operation. In a nutshell Welcome Home Ministri}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13654857 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 es Africa Ltd }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4981636 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 is not an approved home at the time this applicat\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ion was made. Neither was it an approved home when it sought for a care order from the Family and Children Act. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13654857 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 It is not qualified to receive a care order and keep infants under the Children Act.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1397437 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 8.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1397437 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid16079821 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 In my view an individual or an institution not in lawful c\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ustody of an infant cannot pass on custody}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2228502 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 of such an infant to non resident aliens/applicants however well intentioned }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14174613 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 the applicants are to the infant in question. The various legal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11743439 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 and factual}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14174613 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 anomalies that I have pointed }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7549935 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 out }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14174613 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 herein above have to be co \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 mpletely}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7549935 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 explained and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14174613 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6772584 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14174613 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 rectified before an application of this nature can be entertained.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3693460 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 This court cannot ignore these flagrant violations of the law}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11218773 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 at

it was urged by learned Counsel for the Applicants, Mr. Peter Nyombi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9651519 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 to do for the sake of the inf\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11218773 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9651519 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 The legal infractions noted }{\f0\fs24\insrsid15665830 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 above}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9651519 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 and}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid15665830 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid9651519 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 unexplained factual inconsistencies}{\f0\fs24\insrsid15665830 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 which form the base of this application}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid9651519 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 raise a red flag to this court}{\f0\fs24\insrsid5709204 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 which I cannot ignore.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13795007 \par {\listtext\pard\plain\s15 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7549935 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 9.\tab}}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7549935 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 For the those reasons I reject this application }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13713756 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 and direct}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1975483 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 the Registrar of thi\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 s Court}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13713756 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 that a copy of this ruling be forwarded to the}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid11743439

\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Attorney General and}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1975483 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 the}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13713756 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Permanent Secret}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11743439 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 ary, Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development}{\f0\fs24\insrsid1975483 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 for their attention.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7549935 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1073160 {\f0\fs24\insrsid2255648 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4210131 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid5964337 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10313785\charrsid4210131 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Signed, dated and delivered at Kampala this }{\f0\fs24\insrsid2255648 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 2}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11688393 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 8}{ \f0\fs24\super\insrsid2255648\charrsid2255648 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 nd}{\f0\fs24\insrsid2255648 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10313785\charrsid4210131 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 day of }{\f0\fs24\insrsid11688393 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 January }{\f0\fs24\insrsid10313785\charrsid4210131 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 200}{\f0\fs24\insrsid11688393 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10313785\charrsid4210131 \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 \par }\pard \s15\qj \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1073160 {\f0\fs24\insrsid10313785 \par \par \par \par \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 FMS Ego\hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 nda-Ntende \par \hich\af0\dbch\af36\loch\f0 Judge}{\f0\fs24\insrsid10313785\charrsid800908 \par }}

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Children Act, Section 27

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Children Act, Section 56

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